Concrete is an artificially engineered material made from a mixture of portland cement, aggregates (such as sand or gravel) and water. It is the most commonly used construction material in the world. It is strong, cheap and durable. more... (pdf)

Efflorescence is a crystalline deposit of alkaline salts. It is usually white and appears on the surface of masonry (concrete, stucco, plaster, concrete blocks, etc.). It frequently causes, what appears to be, white discolorations on colored paint films, blotchy spots and/or streaks. more...

When white spots appear on the surface of coloured pavers – the unsightly phenomenon of efflorescence – our enjoyment of a paved area is often spoilt. Close behind follows the suspicion that a production error is to blame. However, this is usually not the case. more... (pdf)